In the midst of the Great Depression a Carnegie funded project to study Canadian
libraries appeared. In a hundred and fifty pages this report, authored by John
Ridington, George H. Locke, and Mary J.L. Black, surveyed the landscape of
library service across the country. Its two chapters on government libraries
still make sober reading today. The surveyors reported there was “very little
enthusiasm for either a scholarly or a democratic book service in most of the
libraries of the various government of Canada.”
Indifference and neglect continued to prevail in government circles on the topic of a
national library.
Libraries in Canada (1933) did not issue a rallying
cry for a national library—it was content with offering advice that a national
librarian should be appointed and put in charge of all the libraries maintained
by the Dominion government. In this way, all their activities could be
coordinated, their holdings catalogued and made available nationally over a
period of time. A system of legal deposit would ensure a comprehensive
collection of printed resources. Eventually, a new building could be erected to
house material and provide reference and reading services. It was an
opportunity, but one unlikely to be a priority in the early 1930s.
But the times did change. A Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations was struck
in 1937 to examine the underlying financing for the federal and provincial
basis of Confederation and the distribution of legislative powers across
Canada. Amongst the many submissions were two on forming a national library by
the British Columbia and Ontario Library Associations in March and April 1938.
These briefs envisioned four national functions. There would be a central
repository of library information together with a national union catalogue of
holdings. As well, the national library would issue books and liaise with cultural
organizations, such as the National Museum, National Gallery, Public Archives,
and Library of Parliament.
The Commission sympathized with these points and stated a national library was within the federal mandate when it reported
in 1940:
“While we are in sympathy with such a project we feel that it is a matter of policy on which it would not be appropriate for us to make a positive recommendation. But we wish to point out that this is another example of an educational or cultural activity which, if judged expedient, could be appropriately undertaken by the Dominion government.”
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| E. C. Kyte, 1929 |
During the Second World War, the Canadian Library Council and prominent university librarians
continued to press the case from Queen’s and Manitoba. The Ontario Library
Review published Ernest Cockburn Kyte’s “A National Library for Canada,” in 1939 and Elizabeth Dafoe argued for
“A National Library” in the May 1944 issue of Food for Thought. The General
Librarian of Parliament, Félix Desrochers, added his support in the Canadian
Historical Review in 1944. But it was the Canadian Library Council, the
predecessor to the Canadian Library Association, that best defined the
activities that a national library might undertake in its visionary Canada
Needs Libraries in 1945:
- collecting
national literature and history cooperatively with the Dominion Archives,
National Gallery, and other national bodies;
- assembling
a central national reference collection;
- lending
items to other libraries;
- providing
microfilm, photostat, and other copying services for clients;
- compiling
a union catalogue to identify materials available through inter-library
loan on a national scale;
- co-ordinating
book information with audio-visual aids in co-operation with the National
Film Board, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, etc;
- administering
collections of Canadian books for exhibition abroad
- publishing
bibliographical works about Canada, e.g. Canadian Catalogue of Books,Canadian
Periodical Index, etc.
A National Library for Canada, June 1946
After the formation of the Canadian Library Association in June 1946, these points were adopted and resubmitted in an influential brief to the federal government in December 1946. This particular effort, A National Library for Canada, elaborated on the benefits of a national library and the broad support the concept had garnered from other national groups: the Royal Society of Canada, the Canadian Historical Association, the Canadian Political Science Association, and the Social Science Research Council of Canada. This grouping of professional organizations was an influential catalyst in convincing federal Members of Parliament in the value of a national library. There were many benefits to Canada (p. 11):
A National Library
for Canada would contribute to the organization of precise knowledge, thus
ensuring the most intelligent use of the country’s resources, human and
material.
The existence of a
research centre on Canada would encourage the writing not only of factual works
useful to the legislator, administrator, business man, farmer, student, but
also of imaginative works based on research which would help to interpret
Canada to Canadians and also to the world.
The prestige of
the National Library and its many activities would stimulate the whole library
movement. Individual libraries and citizens in all parts of the country would
receive assistance from its publications and travelling exhibitions, its
reference and cataloguing services, and from the speeding-up of inter-library
loans through use of its union catalogues.
The international
services of the National Library would play an essential role in Canada’s
expanding international relations.
To sum up, the
National Library would be a centre of intellectual life of Canada, and a
guarantee that the sources of its history will be preserved, and a symbol of
our national concern with the things of the mind and the spirit.
To expedite matters, the 1946 brief of the Canadian Library Association concluded a national service could begin immediately and be housed in temporary quarters: “the National Library can begin as an Information Bureau and Bibliographical Centre, while at the same time, the investigation of the whole question of the
ultimate organization of the National Library, its book stack and the building that will be needed to house its collections and its services is continued” (p. 3). The brief urged the government to form a committee reporting to a cabinet minister(s) to investigate its establishment. By June 1948 a Joint Committee of both Houses of Parliament approved a plan for a Bibliographic Centre as the first step towards the creation of a National Library.
In September 1948, Dr. W. Kaye Lamb was appointed Dominion Archivist, a position which he accepted on condition that he should pave the way for the establishment of a national library. Dr. Lamb had served as Provincial Archivist and Librarian of British Columbia from 1934-40 before becoming Librarian of the University of British Columbia. He had helped author British Columbia’s brief to the Royal Commission in March 1938. He set to work by establishing the Canadian Bibliographic Centre in May 1950. Dr. Lamb presented another statement to the Massey Commission in support of a national library program, a project the Royal Commission on Arts, Letters, and Sciences (1951) endorsed. Then, Dr. Lamb helped draft the National Library Act passed by Parliament in 1952 and officially became Canada’s first National Librarian on 1 January 1953.
Further Reading:
A National Library for Canada; A Brief Presented to the Government of Canada by The Canadian Library Association/Association Canadienne des Bibliothèques, The Royal Society of Canada, The Canadian Historical Association, The Canadian Political Science Association, and The Social Science research Council of Canada, December 1946 is available online at Library and Archives Canada as a submission to the Massey Commission.
My blog on the 1946 National Library for Canada brief is at this link.
